Outlining Information Is an Effective Type of Organization That Can Lead to Deep Processing.
Levels of Processing
Past Dr. Saul McLeod, published 2007
The levels of processing model (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will terminal.
Craik defined depth every bit:
"the meaningfulness extracted from the stimulus rather than in terms of the number of analyses performed upon information technology." (1973, p. 48)
Unlike the multi-store model information technology is a non-structured approach. The basic idea is that memory is really only what happens as a issue of processing information.
Retention is just a past-product of the depth of processing of information, and at that place is no clear distinction between brusk term and long term retentiveness.
Therefore, instead of concentrating on the stores/structures involved (i.e. short term memory & long term retentiveness), this theory concentrates on the processes involved in memory.
Nosotros can procedure information in 3 ways:
Shallow Processing
Shallow Processing
- This takes 2 forms
i. Structural processing (appearance) which is when we encode merely the concrete qualities of something. E.g. the typeface of a discussion or how the messages look.
2. Phonemic processing – which is when we encode its sound.
Shallow processing only involves maintenance rehearsal (repetition to aid us agree something in the STM) and leads to fairly short-term retention of information.
This is the only type of rehearsal to take identify within the multi-shop model.
Deep Processing
Deep Processing
- This takes two forms
three. Semantic processing, which happens when nosotros encode the meaning of a word and chronicle it to similar words with similar meaning.
Deep processing involves elaboration rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis (e.chiliad. images, thinking, associations etc.) of information and leads to better remember.
For example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous cognition.
Summary
Summary
Levels of processing: The idea that the way information is encoded affects how well it is remembered. The deeper the level of processing, the easier the information is to recall.
Key Study: Craik and Tulving (1975)
Aim
To investigate how deep and shallow processing affects memory recollect.
Method
Participants were presented with a series of 60 words about which they had to answer one of iii questions. Some questions required the participants to process the word in a deep way (e.g. semantic) and others in a shallow manner (due east.g. structural and phonemic). For example:
-
Structural / visual processing: 'Is the word in capital letters or pocket-sized letters?
-
Phonemic / auditory processing: 'Does the word rhyme with . . .?'
- Semantic processing: 'Does the give-and-take go in this sentence . . . . ?
Participants were then given a long list of 180 words into which the original words had been mixed. They were asked to selection out the original words.
Results
Participants recalled more words that were semantically processed compared to phonemically and visually processed words.
Determination
Semantically processed words involve elaboration rehearsal and deep processing which results in more accurate call up. Phonemic and visually processed words involve shallow processing and less authentic recollect.
Real Life Applications
This caption of memory is useful in everyday life considering it highlights the way in which elaboration, which requires deeper processing of information, can aid retention. 3 examples of this are.
• Reworking – putting information in your own words or talking about it with someone else.
• Method of loci – when trying to remember a listing of items, linking each with a familiar place or route.
• Imagery – by creating an image of something y'all want to recall, you elaborate on it and encode it visually (i.e. a heed map).
The above examples could all exist used to revise psychology using semantic processing (e.g. explaining retentiveness models to your mum, using listen maps etc.) and should result in deeper processing through using elaboration rehearsal.
Consequently more data volition exist remembered (and recalled) and amend test results should be achieved.
Disquisitional Evaluation
Strengths
Strengths
The theory is an comeback on Atkinson & Shiffrin's account of transfer from STM to LTM. For example, elaboration rehearsal leads to recall of data than simply maintenance rehearsal.
The levels of processing model inverse the direction of memory inquiry. It showed that encoding was not a simple, straightforward process. This widened the focus from seeing long-term memory as a simple storage unit to seeing it as a circuitous processing arrangement.
Craik and Lockhart's ideas led to hundreds of experiments, near of which confirmed the superiourity of 'deep' semantic processing for remembering data. It explains why we remember some things much ameliorate and for much longer than others.
This explanation of memory is useful in everyday life because it highlights the way in which elaboration, which requires deeper processing of information, tin assistance memory.
Weaknesses
Weaknesses
Despite these strengths, there are a number of criticisms of the levels of processing theory:
• It does non explicate how the deeper processing results in better memories.
• Deeper processing takes more effort than shallow processing and it could be this, rather than the depth of processing that makes information technology more probable people will remember something.
• The concept of depth is vague and cannot exist observed. Therefore, it cannot be objectively measured.
Eysenck (1990) claims that the levels of processing theory describes rather than explains. Craik and Lockhart (1972) argued that deep processing leads to ameliorate long-term memory than shallow processing. Yet, they failed to provide a detailed account of why deep processing is and so effective.
All the same, contempo studies accept clarified this signal - it appears that deeper coding produces better memory considering it is more elaborate. Elaborative encoding enriches the memory representation of an item by activating many aspects of its significant and linking it into the pre-existing network of semantic associations.
Subsequently research indicated that processing is more than circuitous and varied than the levels of processing theory suggests. In other words, there is more to processing than depth and elaboration.
For case, research by Bransford et al. (1979) indicated that a judgement such as, 'A mosquito is similar a doctor because both draw blood' is more probable to be recalled than the more elaborated sentence, 'A musquito is similar a racoon because they both have caput, legs and jaws'. It appears that it is the distinctiveness of the kickoff sentence which makes it easier to retrieve - it'due south unusual to compare a doctor to a mosquito. Every bit a upshot, the sentence stands out and is more than easily recalled.
Another problem is that participants typically spend a longer fourth dimension processing the deeper or more than hard tasks. So, it could be that the results are partly due to more time being spent on the textile. The blazon of processing, the amount of effort & the length of time spent on processing tend to be confounded. Deeper processing goes with more than effort and more time, then it is difficult to know which factor influences the results.
The ideas of 'depth' and 'elaboration' are vague and sick defined (Eysenck, 1978). As a issue, they are difficult to measure. Indeed, there is no independent manner of measuring the depth of processing. This can lead to a circular statement - information technology is predicted that deeply processed data volition be remembered better, but the measure of depth of processing is how well the information is remembered.
The levels of processing theory focuses on the processes involved in retention, and thus ignores the structures. In that location is show to support the thought of memory structures such as STM and LTM as the Multi-Store Model proposed (e.g. H.Grand., serial position effect etc.). Therefore, retentivity is more circuitous than described by the LOP theory.
How to reference this article:
How to reference this article:
McLeod, S. A. (2007, December xiv). Levels of processing. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/levelsofprocessing.html
APA Style References
Bransford, J. D., Franks, J. J., Morris, C.D., & Stein, B.S.(1979). Some general constraints on learning and memory enquiry. In L.S. Cermak & F.I.1000. Craik(Eds.), Levels of processing in human retentiveness (pp.331–354). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesInc.
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. Due south. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Periodical of Verbal Learning and Exact behavior, 11, 671-684.
Craik, F.I.Yard., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Full general, 104, 268-294.
Eysenck, One thousand. Due west. & Keane, Thousand. T. (1990). Cognitive psychology: a pupil'southward handbook, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd., Hove, Great britain.
How to reference this article:
How to reference this article:
McLeod, S. A. (2007, Dec 14). Levels of processing. Only Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/levelsofprocessing.html
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